1The Fokker-Planck collision operator is here considered, corresponding to small angle scattering. For very
energetic electrons, i.e. when namely the kinetic energy exceed the Coulomb logarithm ln Λ† = ln , large
deflections must be taken into account. Here λD is the Debye length. Indeed, the impact parameter b = re∕βth†2,
which measures the mean effective distance between two colliding particles is always very large as compared to
the classical electron radius re, since βth† ≪ 1. However, for very energetic electrons, the impact
parameter may reach b = re, when electrons become highly relativistic. Consequently, since the potential
energy is close to the kinetic energy, π∕2 deflections may occur much more frequently. Since this
effect is beyond the Fokker-Planck approximation and only concerns a small fraction of the total
number of electrons in the plasma, it is described by a source term SR which becomes significative for
electrons which runaway when the Ohmic electric field is large, like in the ramp-up phase or during a
disruption.